Tuesday, May 19, 2020

Timeline of the Medieval Traders on the Swahili Coast

Based on archaeological and historical data, the medieval period of the 11th through 16th centuries AD was the heyday of Swahili Coast trading communities. But that data has also shown that the African merchants and sailors of the Swahili Coast began to  trade in international goods at least 300-500 years earlier. A timeline of the major events on the Swahili coast: Early 16th century, the  arrival of Portuguese and the end of Kilwas trading powerCa 1400 start of Nabhan dynasty1331, Ibn Battuta visits Mogadishu14th-16th centuries, a shift in trade to the  Indian Ocean, the heyday of coastal Swahili townsCa 1300, the  start of Mahdali dynasty (Abul Mawahib)Ca 1200, first coins minted by Ali bin al-Hasan in Kilwa12th century, a rise of Mogadishu11th-12th centuries, most coastal people converted to Islam, a shift in trade to the  Red Sea11th century, start of Shirazi dynasty9th century, slave trade with the  Persian Gulf8th century, the first mosque built6th-8th centuries AD, trade established with Muslim traders40 AD, author of Periplus visits Rhapta The Ruling Sultans A chronology of ruling sultans can be derived from the Kilwa Chronicle, two undated medieval documents recording an oral history of the large Swahili capital of Kilwa. Scholars are skeptical of its accuracy, however, particularly with respect to the semi-mythical Shirazi dynasty: but they are agreed on the existence of several important sultans: Ali ibn al-Hasan (11th century)Daud ibn al-HasanSulaiman ibn al-Hasan (early 14th c)Daud ibn Sulaiman (early 14th c)al-Hasan ibn Talut (ca 1277)Muhammad ibn Sulaimanal-Hasan ibn Sulaiman (ca 1331, visited by Ibn Battuta)Sulaiman ibn al-Husain (14th c) Pre  or Proto-Swahili The earliest pre or proto-Swahili sites date to the first century AD, when the unnamed Greek sailor who authored the merchants guide Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, visited Rhapta on what is today the central Tanzanian coast. Rhapta was reported in the Periplus to be under the rule of Maza on the Arabian Peninsula. The Periplus reported that ivory, rhinoceros horn, nautilus and turtle shell, metal implements, glass, and foodstuffs were imports available in Rhapta. Finds of Egypt-Roman and other Mediterranean imports dated to the last few centuries BC suggest some contact with those areas. By the 6th to 10th centuries AD, people on the coast were living in mostly rectangular earth-and-thatch houses, with household economies based on pearl millet agriculture, cattle pastoralism, and fishing. They smelted iron, built boats and made what archaeologists called Tana Tradition or Triangular Incised Ware pots; they obtained imported goods such as glazed ceramics, glassware, metal jewelry, and stone and glass beads from the Persian Gulf. Beginning in the 8th century, the African inhabitants had converted to Islam. Archaeological excavations at Kilwa Kisiwani and Shanga in Kenya have demonstrated that these towns were settled as early as the 7th and 8th centuries. Other prominent sites of this period include Manda in northern Kenya, Unguja Ukuu on Zanzibar and Tumbe on Pemba. Islam and Kilwa The earliest mosque on the Swahili coast is located in the town of Shanga in the Lamu Archipelago. A timber mosque was built here in the 8th century AD, and rebuilt in the same location, again and again, each time larger and more substantial. Fish became an increasingly important part of the local diet, consisting of fish on the reefs, within about one kilometer (one-half mile) from the shore. In the 9th century, connections between Eastern Africa and the Middle East included the export of thousands of slaves from Africas interior. The slaves were transported through Swahili coastal towns to destinations in Iraq such as Basra, where they worked on a dam. In 868, the slave revolted in Basra, weakening the market for slaves from Swahili. By ~1200, all of the large Swahili settlements included stone built mosques. The Growth of Swahili Towns Through the 11th-14th centuries, the Swahili towns expanded in scale, in the numbers and variety of imported and locally-produced material goods, and in trade relationships between the interior of Africa and other societies around the Indian Ocean. A wide variety of boats were built for sea-going trade. Although most of the houses continued to be made of earth and thatch, some of the houses were built of coral, and many of the larger and newer settlements were stone towns, communities marked by elite residences built of stone. Stonetowns grew in number and size, and trade blossomed. Exports included ivory, iron, animal products, mangrove poles for house construction; imports included glazed ceramics, beads and other jewelry, cloth, and religious texts. Coins  were minted in some of the larger centers, and iron and copper alloys, and beads of various types were produced locally. Portuguese Colonization In 1498-1499, the Portuguese explorer Vasco de Gama began exploring the Indian Ocean. Beginning in the 16th century, Portuguese and Arab colonization began to decrease the power of the Swahili towns, evidenced by the construction of Fort Jesus in Mombasa in 1593, and the increasingly aggressive trade wars in the Indian Ocean. The Swahili culture fought variously successfully against such incursions and although disruptions in trade and loss of autonomy did occur, the coast prevailed in urban and rural life. By the end of the 17th century, the Portuguese lost control of the western Indian Ocean to Oman and Zanzibar. The Swahili coast was reunited under the Omani sultanate in the 19th century. Sources Chami FA. 2009. Kilwa and the Swahili Towns: Reflections from an archaeological perspective. In: Larsen K, editor. Knowledge, Renewal and Religion: Repositioning and changing ideological and material circumstances among the Swahili on the East African coast. Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikainstitututet.Elkiss TH. 1973. Kilwa Kisiwani: The Rise of an East African City-State. African Studies Review 16(1):119-130.Phillipson D. 2005. African Archaeology. London: Cambridge University Press.Pollard E. 2011. Safeguarding Swahili trade in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries: a unique navigational complex in south-east Tanzania. World Archaeology 43(3):458-477.Sutton JEG. 2002. The southern Swahili harbour and town on Kilwa Island, 800-1800 AD: A chronology of booms and slumps.: Uppsala University.Wynne-Jones S. 2007. Creating urban communities at Kilwa Kisiwani, Tanzania, AD 800-1300. Antiquity 81:368-380.

Why We Dream - 1785 Words

Why do we Dream? --http://psychology.about.com/od/statesofconsciousness/p/dream-theories.htm Many different theories have emerged to help explain the mystery of why we dream. Dreams are the touchstones of our characters. - Henry David Thoreau Dreams have fascinated philosophers for thousands of years, but only recently have dreams been subjected to empirical research and concentrated scientific study. Chances are that you’ve often found yourself puzzling over the mysterious content of a dream, or perhaps you’ve wondered why you dream at all. First, let’s start by answering a basic question – What is a dream? A dream can include any of the images, thoughts and emotions that are experienced during sleep. Dreams can be†¦show more content†¦This model suggests that dreams are a subjective interpretation of signals generated by the brain during sleep. While this theory suggests that dreams are the result of internally generated signals, Hobson does not believe that dreams are meaningless. Instead, he suggests that dreaming is †¦our most creative conscious state, one in which the chaotic, spontaneous recombination of cognitive elements produces novel configurations of information: new ideas. While many or even most of these ideas may be nonsensical, if even a few of its fanciful products are truly useful, our dream time will not have been wasted. Information-Processing Theories One of the major theories to explain why we sleep is that sleep allows us to consolidate and process all of the information that we have collected during the previous day. Some dream experts suggest that dreaming is simply a by-product or even an active part of this information-processing. As we deal with the multitude of information and memories from the daytime, our sleeping minds create images, impressions, and narratives to manage all of the activity going on inside our heads as we slumber. Other Theories of Dreams: Many other theories have been suggested to account for the occurrence and meaning of dreams. The following are just of few of the proposed ideas: * One theory suggests that dreams areShow MoreRelatedWhy We Dream632 Words   |  3 PagesThere are many reasons of why we dream and what those dreams mean when we have them such as things what we have learned in the past or just things that we don’t need anymore. Before all the theories and everything else what is a dream? A dream can be images black and white or color of something that has happened in the past or something that you’re wishing for that may just give you insight of how to fulfill that wish that you have. One theory that applies to some the dreams that people have is justRead MoreWhy We Dream908 Words   |  4 PagesThere are many interpretations on the meaning of why we dream. The reasons behind them, if they foreshadow the future, teach valuable life lessons, or if they mean anything at all. Jung’s t heory of dreams describes a theory of life lessons (Jungian Dream Interpretation 2013). Dreams expose things you do not know about yourself, connections with others, and problems in your everyday life (Jungian Dream Interpretation 2013). They help see the potential within, and give insight on how to solve problemsRead MoreWhy Do We Dream?1356 Words   |  5 PagesWhy do we dream the things we dream? What dictates the content of the movies for one that we watch when we fall asleep? This is a question that nearly everyone has pondered at some point in their lives and humans have been studying in an attempt to answer for thousands of years. Humans spend approximately one third of their lives asleep, and the idea that such a great portion of our time is spent in a state that we do not fully understand is bothersome to many. As humans, it is a natural desire toRead MoreWhy Do We Dream?2205 Words   |  9 PagesWhy Do We Dream? By William Allan | Submitted On February 06, 2011 Recommend Article Article Comments Print Article Share this article on Facebook Share this article on Twitter Share this article on Google+ Share this article on Linkedin Share this article on StumbleUpon Share this article on Delicious Share this article on Digg Share this article on Reddit Share this article on Pinterest Expert Author William Allan The question as it was posed; Your write up is like a journey in itselfRead MoreWhy Do We Dream?2460 Words   |  10 PagesWhy do we dream? What do our dreams mean? Dreams are a sequence of images, ideas, and feelings that involuntarily occur most commonly during the REM stage of sleep. They come in a wide variety of types, from the peculiar to the downright terrifying; the dreamer has no control over what they experience in their dreams. Though neurologists have been studying the human brain for decades, we still don’t fully know why we dream or what their significance is. Some psychologists theorize that dreams areRead MoreWhy Do We Dream?2019 Words   |  9 Pagesis known as REM (rapid eye movement) sleep; REM sleep at one stage was thought to be the primary dream period. However recent research and empirical evidence has shown that REM sleep does not have a direct relationship with dreaming, it is however purely and simply the stage of sleep which allows better recall of dreams. This is supported by Nielson (2000) who presented empirical evidence that dream recall during REM sleep in adults was as high as 60-90% after waking, whereas when individuals passedRead MoreWhy Do We Have Dreams?790 Words   |  3 PagesThe reason behind dreaming has still not been scientifically proven, but there are many theories and religious beliefs as to why people dream at night. Theorists, such as Sigmund Frued, devoted their time to peoples dreams and observing them while they dream and sleep. These scientists have discovered that people are most likely to dream during the Rapid Eye Movement (REM) stage of sleep than any other stage because the mind is more aware then. There are theories that say that dreaming can predictRead MoreWhy Do We Dream? Essays631 Words   |  3 PagesWhy do we Dream? It has been said by researchers that everyone dreams during sleep and it is thought to be a universal psychical feature of our human lives. However, many of us are unable to recall vividly what happens throughout our dreams, if anything at all. Due to this clouded unique nature that is dreaming, most of the knowledge why we dream is largely inconclusive. Nonetheless, after many years of theoretical debate on the subject, three arguments have remained prominent of which I willRead MoreEssay on Sleeps and Dreams: Why Do We Sleep and Dream?741 Words   |  3 Pagesabout the Sleeps and dreams topic. It will be segmented into different parts, but I will first describe the basics of the sleeping and dreaming, why it happens and how. After that I will describe the different types of sleep which are REM (Rapid eye movement) and NON-REM. Other topics that will be discussed are the biological clock, consciousness and alerted, how much sleep does the body need, treatments and problems such as insomnia, sleep apnea and narcolepsy. Firstly, why do we need sleep? Our body’sRead MoreThe Purpose of Dreams1235 Words   |  5 Pages Dreams are a very ponderous things. Simply saying, dreams are a stream of images, sounds, and the actions of something; like a movie. But never have dreams been able to be explained. The Greeks and Romans claimed that dreams were signs from their gods and had prophetic magic (www.scientificamerican.com). Even though the purpose of dreams has not been discovered, a huge movement in the study of dreams occurred at the end of the nineteenth century. In 1952, scientists in Chicago discovered

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Canada s Sovereign And Morally Just Approach - 1514 Words

Canada has been highly involved in global issues and has held itself on moral grounds, despite some opposing influence. Canada’s sovereign and morally just approach can be seen in many events in the 20th century, such as in the Second World War, the Korean War, the Suez Crisis and the Vietnam War. As well, Canada’s imperfect, yet improving immigration policy displays the acceptance and unbiased approach Canada has towards people of different backgrounds. Despite some minor missteps and impediments, Canada would make an excellent choice for UN Advisor Country for the reason that Canada has spearheaded much global intervention, especially for such a small (population-wise) and unassuming country. The Second World War was an important event in Canadian history, turning an unobtrusive country on the outer edge of global affairs into a critical player in the 20th century’s most important struggle. The Canadian Prime Minister of the time, William Lyon Mackenzie King was hesitant to join the Second World War due to the devastating effects of the first war still being fresh. Canada took all variables into account and launched Canada into the war very well, with a primary focus on the manufacturing duties of the war. Notably, Canada carried out a vital role in the Battle of the Atlantic, allowing goods produced in Canada to pass the ocean and neutralize threats by German U-boats. In addition, Canada played a big role in the air war over Germany and contributed forces to the campaignsShow MoreRelatedThe Transatlantic Trade And Investment Partnership2022 Words   |  9 Pagessystem in place to promote the well-being of our society. Obstructing our democracy: ISDS provisions are enacted for the sole purpose of getting around, our democratic system. How can it be right for our government to pay penalties for big corporations just because of our government enacting laws that protect and promote the health of the society, our environment, and our economies? This ISDS provision is nothing but a scheme to put more power in the hand of big corporations. From the results of a publicRead MoreThe Transatlantic Trade And Investment Partnership2018 Words   |  9 Pagessystem in place to promote the well-being of our society. Obstructing our democracy: ISDS provisions are enacted for the sole purpose of getting around, our democratic system. How can it be right for our government to pay penalties for big corporations just because of our government enacting laws that protect and promote the health of the society, our environment, and our economies? This ISDS provision is nothing but a scheme to put more power in the hand of big corporations. From the results of a publicRead MoreThe Transatlantic Trade And Investment Partnership2035 Words   |  9 Pagessystem in place to promote the well-being of our society. Obstructing our democracy: ISDS provisions are enacted for the sole purpose of getting around our democratic system. How can it be right for our government to pay penalties to big corporations just because of our government enacting laws that protect and promote the health of the society, our environment, and our economies? This ISDS provision is nothing but a scheme to put more power in the hand of big corporations. 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Behavioral Study Of Obedience By Stanley Milgram - 1313 Words

The twentieth century marked the beginning of rapid industrialization and innovation that allowed for exponential growth in society and science, psychology, in particular. This shift meant that there was modern technology and a better scientific understanding of life. The ideas of John Locke, George Berkeley, and Wilhelm Wundt emphasized the importance of consciousness, however, the materialistic overtone of this time brought new debates about the possibility of understanding the â€Å"subjective† in behavioral terms. Psychologists at the time went back to the mechanistic ideas of Julian Offay LaMettrie in order to find a new way to understand behavior. Animal psychology, a new understanding of physiology, and a search for new methods away†¦show more content†¦Stanley Milgram wanted to test subject’s readiness to obey authority without question, no matter what inhumane acts the authority commands. The subjects in the study were gathered by a newspaper adve rtisement that requested volunteers for an experiment to study the effect of punishment on learning, if chosen they would be compensated $4.50 for their participation. Forty males between the ages of 25 and 50 were selected with varying occupations and education levels. The experiment was conducted in the interaction laboratory at Yale University. The role of the experimenter was played by a 31 year old high school biology teacher who wore a gray technician’s coat and was aware of the true objective of the study. One naà ¯ve subject and one victim, an accomplice, performed in each experiment. The cover story, the effect of punishment on learning, was used to justify the administration of electric shock by the naà ¯ve subject. The naà ¯ve subjects were told that the experiment was going to test the effect different people have on each other as teachers and learners, and what effect punishment will have on learning in the controlled situation. The experimenter had the participants draw slips out of a hat to decide if they were going to be designated as a teacher or as a learner. This drawing was engineered so that a naà ¯ve subject was always the teacher and an accomplice was always the learner. Immediately after the drawing, the teacher and

Heparin Flushes Maintaining Central free essay sample

A recent heparin shortage allowed examination of heparin effectiveness in reducing C.V. thrombosis. Many studies have been performed during periods when heparin flushes (1 0 units/ml) were used and when saline flushes were used instead because of a nationwide heparin shortage. The studies have shown no significant evidence that using heparin over saline in central lines is more effective. .Heparin Flushes Maintaining Central Line Potency Maintaining the function of central venous catheters is an important nursing responsibility, which should be carried out following the best available scientific evidence.These central lines include peripherally inserted central theaters (Epics), tunneled catheters, and implanted ports. Once placed, the central lines may be left in place for days and if they become occluded by clotted blood or some other mechanical obstruction they cannot be cleared by flushing agents. While a person is hospitalized, the nurse needs to check the IV site to make sure the catheter remains in the vein and is delivering a continuous solution. The nurse also needs to flush the catheter routinely to prevent it from clotting.Heparin sodium is used as an anticoagulant in intravenous catheters in order to prevent clotting and minimize the incidence f phlebitis. Heparin infusion prolongs the duration of peripherally inserted central venous catheter usability, which permits a higher percentage of therapy completion without increasing adverse effects (Jennet Robertson 1994) and other studies also found heparins saline solution as a superior flushing agent to normal saline for IV lines in randomized control trials.However, although health caregivers believe that small doses of heparin used in flushing of peripheral intravenous lines is harmless, heparin could cause many side effects like hemorrhage, allergic reactions, thermodynamic, infection, and pain at the injection site. Heparin could also have interactions with many other frequently used medications, like ecstatically acid. Heparin is thought to prevent clots developing in the catheter which would decrease or prevent flow through it but might create a potential locus for infection.It can also interfere with promoting time and other lab results, creating an increased amount time spent my medical staff interpreting those results. Some research suggested using a normal saline flush was sufficient (American Association of Critical Care Nurses, 1993). If the studies show that alien is as effective as heparin when flushing central lines, then the use of saline would avoid patient exposure to heparin-associated risks such as hypersensitivity reactions, local tissue damage, bleeding, and heparin induced thermodynamic (HIT).Saline will also increase the accuracy of the patients coagulation profile, enhancing patient management. And saline is more cost effective for institutions. But there are some studies that have shown an increase in infections when using saline over heparin. A study was done to establish guidelines on flushing central line catheters and is summarized in Table 6 (Mitchell M. D. Anderson B. J. Williams K. And miscued C. A. Peg. 2012). The guidelines are important to know because each institution has different protocols and policies that can affect the results.For example, how often an institute flushes central lines could lead to more occlusions or less occlusions regardless of what is being used to flush. Then primary studies were done to compare institutions and their findings or results when flushing with heparin versus saline. Their results are found in tables 7 and 8 (Mitchell M. D. Anderson B. J. Williams K. And Miscued C. A. Peg. 2013 2016). In studies of peripheral and arterial catheters, rates of thrombus formation were equivalent, whether saline or a heparin solution was used for flushing.Randomized trials found that flushing with heparin had no significant effect on catheter potency rates compared with flushing using saline (Gogh). The studies that have been done have not shown a significant difference in the use of heparin versus saline but that could be due to the way the studies were done or by who was participating in them. Some studies were done only on certain types of catheters. Others had more females to males, older to monger, or had patients that needed more frequent flushing than others. Also, the amount of flushing solution according to institution policies and how often to flush.Most facilities have updated their central line care policies according to their best medical recommendations. Last year Yale New Haven Hospital sent out an urgent practice alert to medical staff stating changes in the central venous catheter device (C.V. ) flushing guidelines. They are following recommendations that they are to follow the manufacturer of the catheters guidelines whether to flush with heparin or saline. And they listed each type of device and the preferred method of flushing according to manufacturers (Yale New Haven Guidelines attached).Most common practice we have used in clinical is flushing with heparin 5 units/ml with each use and once every 24 hours. The evidence base on heparin flushing is small. The studies have been inconclusive as to which flushing agent should be preferred. Without this evidence, we do not know how well heparin flushes prevent occlusions or reduce the risk for catheter-related blood stream infections. Further research is needed to determine the effectiveness of saline ND heparin flushes in maintaining central lines for better clinical practice.

Academic Skills for Success

Question: Explain about the topic "Academic Skills for Success". Answer: Executive summary Anxiety and stress due the modern lifestyle is at a rise and the effects are seen mainly among the students. Anxiety and stress are affecting the power of recall among the students. The main reason of failing to recall the information is due to the neuro-physiological changes that takes place in the brain when the student suffers from anxiety and stress. It has been found that the individuals themselves regulate the human emotions, which at times gets affected when the person goes through any stressful situation. Hence, when the person is feeling stressed out, the person can control the situation by taking deep breath, listening to music and other activities which will diver the mind. Studies have found that the junior student are prone to anxiety and stress as they are new to the pressure of education. The senior students have been acquainted to the pressure and hence they manage the curriculum in a better manner. Many times, it has been seen that the students fail in the examinatio ns not because of lack of studies but because of the fear of not scoring property in the examination. Recreational activities like yoga, spending time with pets, listening to music, and going out for stroll are recommended to reduce the amount of stress experienced by the students. Introduction Due to the fast pace of life and the rise competition among the individuals, the amount of stress and anxiety is increasing steeply. The urge to stay ahead in the race and perform well than the competitions builds up a pressure on the individuals and at times, they succumb to the pressure (Hyman and Pedrick 2012). The students are also feeling the pressure and the stress is affecting their memory when they are sitting for the examinations. The burden of faring well in the examinations and the pressure of studies are creating a tension among them and they are not able to prepare for the examinations in full-fledged manner (Silverton 2012). The report will mainly focus on the problems of recalling that are rising among the students. The report will further evaluate the problems to check the situation that are mainly responsible for the pressure among the students. A recommendation will be given at the end of the report, which will have the remedies that will help the student to overcom e the stress and perform peacefully in the examinations. Conclusion It can be concluded that the anxiety and stress can be the main reasons behind the problems of recalling the information during the examinations. It has been seen that the under-graduate students who are in the first and second year of their study suffer from more stress than the final year students. It can be mainly due to the facts the final year students have understood the ways to tackle the stress. It has also been seen that other than the stress of the examinations, the students who belong from poor economic background also suffer from the stress. However, it was found that leisure activities that can be done outside the house or keeping a pet in the house might reduce stress. The students will then spend time outside the studies and will be able to concentrate on studies in a better manner. References Hyman, B. and Pedrick, C. (2012).Anxiety disorders. Minneapolis: Twenty-First Century Books. Silverton, S. (2012).The mindfulness breakthrough. London: Watkins Pub.